基于全球气候模式集合的鄱阳湖流域未来潜在蒸散量及其干旱效应研究

鄱阳湖流域近年来旱涝灾害频发,原有的水量平衡被打破。因此,开展鄱阳湖地区潜在蒸散量及干旱效应研究具有重要意义。潜在蒸散量（Reference Evapotranspiration,ET₀）是评价区域水资源配置和计算干旱指数的重要指标。以我国的鄱阳湖流域为研究区,依托统计降尺度模型,基于站点观测数据、气候模式数据以及美国环境中心再分析数据,运用遗传算法构建多模式集合,模拟未来情景下流域潜在蒸散量和干旱指数（Drought Index,DI）时空演变特征。结果表明：基于遗传算法构建的模式集合较单一气候模式或等权模式集合,模拟性能佳;RCP4.5、8.5情景下流域ET₀均呈上升趋势,ET₀变化的第一主周期分别为20年和4年,流域ET₀未来空间变化特征表现为东高西低;RCP8.5情景下,鄱阳湖流域DI在年际上呈显著上升趋势,9-11月是干旱风险防范的关键时期;流域年DI变化的主周期为8年,流域的中东部地区将是未来干旱风险防范的重点区域。本研究为认识区域尺度下气候变化对潜在蒸散量的影响提供借鉴,同时为政府部门科学应对鄱阳湖流域未来时期可能出现的旱情提供的决策支持。     

高邮湖大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

跨流域调水工程沿线调蓄湖泊生态状况直接决定工程能否顺利实施。基于2018年4和9月高邮湖底栖动物调查数据,对底栖动物区系组成、群落结构及主要影响因子进行了研究。调查期间共鉴定出底栖动物42种,隶属3门7纲22科;软铗小摇蚊（Microchironomus tener）、霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、齿吻沙蚕（Nephtys sp.）、苏氏尾鳃蚓（Branchiura sowerbyi）、厚唇嫩丝蚓（Teneridrilus mastix）为调查期间优势物种,相对丰度分别为24.0%、17.7%、8.1%、7.2%和6.5%;两次调查期间底栖动物优势物种组成存在较大差异。密度、物种丰度、香浓指数在4月份显著高于9月份;非度量多维标度排序（NMDS）和多响应置换过程（MRPP）从群落层面证实了两次调查期间底栖动物群落结构的差异性。指示物种分析表明,软铗小摇蚊、霍甫水丝蚓和有栉管水蚓（Aulodrilus pectinatus）是造成两次调查底栖动物群落差异的关键物种。基于距离的冗余分析（dbRDA）表明,高邮湖底栖动物群落在4月份主要受硅酸盐和总磷影响;9月份主要受水深和叶绿素a影响。     

不同恢复措施对南滇池湿地冬季水禽多样性的影响

恢复受损湿地生态功能是国家湿地公园建设中的重要内容,修复措施的选用会对恢复效果产生重要影响。滇池是国内重要候鸟越冬区,受长期围垦以及城市扩张的影响,湖滨区域破坏严重,近年来湿地公园建设为滇池湖滨带恢复带来了契机,但各种恢复措施的效果仍有待明确。2017年冬季以昆明南滇池国家湿地公园及临近湿地为研究区域,设置了人工重建湿地、人工恢复湿地、自然恢复湿地以及自然湖泊湿地4个对照样区,基于冬季水禽多样性进行了湿地恢复效果评价,并从景观生态学角度对结果进行了分析。结果表明：自然湖泊湿地具有最高物种丰富度,其次为自然恢复湿地、人工恢复湿地和人工重建湿地。以Simpson多样性指数评价,自然恢复湿地的水禽多样性最高（0.60±0.03）,其次为自然湖泊湿地（0.46±0.04）和人工恢复湿地（0.34±0.04）,人工重建湿地水禽多样性最低（0.17±0.03）,由此可见自然恢复措施效果优于人工恢复和人工重建。从景观格局上分析,水禽多样性与道路面积（r=-0.735,P<0.01）、景观形状指数（r=-0.461,P<0.01）和景观分离度指数（r=-0.661,P<0.01）负相关,这也表明人为干扰程度、景观形状以及破碎化程度均会对水禽造成重要影响。建议在国家湿地公园规划和建设中,降低非湿地类景观尤其是道路对整体湿地景观的分割作用,提高湿地斑块的连接性和完整性以满足水禽的空间需求,对于湖泊型的湿地公园应加强对湖滨带沼泽生境的营造,以满足涉禽的生存需求,从而增加区域的鸟类多样性。     

鄱阳湖湿地地下水埋深及其与典型植被群落分布的关系

地下水位直接影响土壤含水量,进而影响湿地植被生长、分布和演替。本研究以鄱阳湖湿地为研究区,基于2014—2018年地下水位野外定点观测数据,分析湿地地下水年内与年际动态变化特征,构建鄱阳湖湿地地下水数值模型,分析地下水流场空间特征以及地下水埋深分布,结合高斯回归方法分析地下水埋深与典型植被分布之间的关系。结果表明: 年内洲滩湿地地下水位呈明显的动态变化,且地下水位与湖水位变化高度一致。地下水埋深年内变化与降水量季节性分布之间存在1个月的滞后。年际洲滩湿地地下水位由上游向下游呈减小趋势,且上游洲滩湿地地下水埋深变幅较小(0.1～1.1 m),下游洲滩湿地地下水埋深变幅较大(0.1～5.6 m)。研究区地下水流场由上游丘陵地区指向下游地势相对平坦的湖区,其流向与地形高程变化一致。研究区平均地下水埋深为2.07 m,且由远湖区至近湖区,地下水埋深不断减小。苔草、芦苇、茵陈蒿群落生长的最适地下水埋深分别为1.1、3.7、5.7 m;典型植被的分布对地下水埋深梯度的响应差异显著;茵陈蒿群落的生态幅宽大于苔草和芦苇群落;3种植被群落在地下水埋深1.1～5.7 m范围内出现生态位重叠现象,其中,苔草植被分布指数迅速减小,芦苇植被分布指数先增大后减小,茵陈蒿植被分布指数持续增至最大值,在地下水埋深达到5.7 m后开始减小。     

应用多种生物类群评价白洋淀水环境质量变化

白洋淀是华北平原最大的浅水湖泊。近几十年来,白洋淀上游耗水增加,天然入淀水量急剧减少,使白洋淀水位明显降低;同时,随着淀泊周边农村生活污水的排入,白洋淀发生了严重的富营养化。2017年雄安新区设立,白洋淀环境治理工作的重要性空前提高。近几年通过上游水库和跨流域生态补水,白洋淀水位明显抬升,同时淀中和淀边农村实施了生活污水收集。为了解白洋淀当前水环境状况,对前期补水和治污的效果进行评估,2019年8月对白洋淀水体理化指标及水生生物进行调查,采用水质、浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物指标评价白洋淀水环境质量,并与2010年的调查数据进行对比,辅以沉水植物指标评价水体生态状况。结果表明: 白洋淀2019年总磷达到优于Ⅲ类水平,总氮优于Ⅱ类水平,水环境状况比2010年有较大改善。其中,总磷浓度下降了88.6%,总氮浓度下降了83.9%,叶绿素a浓度下降了47.8%,透明度增大了43.4%;浮游动物、底栖动物等生物多样性明显提高,浮游植物密度显著降低,优势种从普遍的重富营养型转变为富营养型;沉水植物清洁型种类分布范围缩小。这说明沉水植物物种评价法不适于白洋淀水环境质量评价,浮游动物多样性评价方法也不适用于当前白洋淀水环境质量评价。早期,由于污染源集中在西部,白洋淀西部水质差于东部;现在,由于自西、北、南多方向补水,淀区的水动力条件发生显著改变,加之西部实施治污工程,淀区水质呈现空间均一化的特点。     

Brood parasitism of an open-water spawning cichlid by the cuckoo catfish

The cuckoo catfish Synodontis multipunctatus and S. grandiops are endemic to Lake Tanganyika and the only known nonavian vertebrates that exhibit obligate interspecific brood parasitism. Seven maternal mouth-brooding cichlid fish species are reported to be natural hosts of the parasitic catfish and share a common reproductive behaviour that the catfish exploits: cichlid females spawn eggs on the bottom, allowing the catfish female to place her eggs near the cichlid eggs, and the cichlid females collect the catfish eggs by mouth together with their own eggs. However, so far it has not been reported that the cuckoo catfish exploit different spawning behaviours. The genus Cyprichromis consists of five maternal mouth-brooding species endemic to Lake Tanganyika, most of which spawn and collect eggs in open water. This study reports that the cuckoo catfish also parasitizes the open-water spawning Cyprichromis coloratus, although it may not be a regular host.     

Effects of hypoxia on aerobic metabolism and active electrosensory acquisition in the African weakly electric fish Marcusenius victoriae

Environmental hypoxia has effected numerous and well-documented anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations in fishes. Comparatively little is known about hypoxia's impacts on sensing because it is difficult to quantify sensory acquisition in vivo. Weakly electric fishes, however, rely heavily on an easily-measurable sensory modality—active electric sensing—whereby individuals emit and detect electric organ discharges (EODs). In this study, hypoxia tolerance of a mormyrid weakly electric fish, Marcusenius victoriae, was assessed by examining both its metabolic and EOD rates using a critical threshold (p_crit) paradigm. The routine metabolic rate was 1.42 mg O₂ h⁻¹, and the associated critical oxygen tension was 14.34 mmHg. Routine EOD rate was 5.68 Hz with an associated critical tension of 15.14 mmHg. These metabolic indicators of hypoxia tolerance measured in this study were consistent with those in previous studies on M. victoriae and other weakly electric fishes. Furthermore, our results suggest that some aerobic processes may be reduced in favour of maintaining the EOD rate under extreme hypoxia. These findings underscore the importance of the active electrosensory modality to these hypoxia-tolerant fish.     

Where Am I? Niche constraints due to morphological specialization in two Tanganyikan cichlid fish species

Food resource specialization within novel environments is considered a common axis of diversification in adaptive radiations. Feeding specializations are often coupled with striking morphological adaptations and exemplify the relation between morphology and diet (phenotype–environment correlations), as seen in, for example, Darwin finches, Hawaiian spiders, and the cichlid fish radiations in East African lakes. The cichlids' potential to rapidly exploit and occupy a variety of different habitats has previously been attributed to the variability and adaptability of their trophic structures including the pharyngeal jaw apparatus. Here we report a reciprocal transplant experiment designed to explore the adaptability of the trophic structures in highly specialized cichlid fish species. More specifically, we forced two common but ecologically distinct cichlid species from Lake Tanganyika, Tropheus moorii (rock‐dweller), and Xenotilapia boulengeri (sand‐dweller), to live on their preferred as well as on an unpreferred habitat (sand and rock, respectively). We measured their overall performance on the different habitat types and explored whether adaptive phenotypic plasticity is involved in adaptation. We found that, while habitat had no effect on the performance of X. boulengeri, T. moorii performed significantly better in its preferred habitat. Despite an experimental duration of several months, we did not find a shift in the morphology of the lower pharyngeal jaw bone that would be indicative of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in this trait.     

Biomass allocation and productivity–richness relationship across four grassland types at the Qinghai Plateau

Aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB) allocation and productivity–richness relationship are controversial. Here, we assessed AGB and BGB allocation and the productivity–richness relationship at community level across four grassland types based on the biomass data collected from 80 sites across the Qinghai Plateau during 2011–2012. The reduced major axis regression and general linear models were used and showed that (a) the median values of AGB were significantly higher in alpine meadow than in other three grassland types; the ratio of root to shoot (R/S) was significantly higher in desert grassland (36.06) than intemperate grassland (16.60), alpine meadow (13.35), and meadow steppe (19.46). The temperate grassland had deeper root distribution than the other three grasslands, with about 91.45% roots distributed in the top 30 cm soil layer. (b) The slopes between log AGB and log BGB in the temperate grassland and meadow steppe were 1.09 and 1, respectively, whereas that in the desert grassland was 1.12, which was significantly different from the isometric allocation relationship. A competitive relationship between AGB and BGB was observed in the alpine meadow with a slope of ?1.83, indicating a trade‐off between AGB and BGB in the alpine meadow. (c) A positive productivity–richness relationship existed across the four grassland types, suggesting that the positive productivity–richness relationship might not be affected by the environmental factors at the plant location. Our results provide a new insight for biomass allocation and biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research.